A Review of Fuel Cell Powertrains for Long-Haul Heavy-Duty Vehicles: Technology, Hydrogen, Energy and Thermal Management Solutions

Long-haul heavy-duty vehicles, including trucks and coaches, contribute to a substantial portion of the modern-day European carbon footprint pose major challenge in emissions reduction due their energy-intensive usage. Depending on hydrogen fuel source, use cell electric vehicles (FCEV) for long-haul applications has shown significant potential reducing road freight CO2 until possible maturity future long-distance battery-electric mobility. Fuel (HD) propulsion presents some specific characteristics, advantages operating constraints, along with notable possibility gains powertrain efficiency usability through improved system design intelligent onboard energy thermal management. This paper provides an overview FCEV topology suited HD applications, limitations, cooling requirements, waste heat recovery techniques, state-of-the-art control, management strategies over-the-air route data based predictive V2X connectivity. A case study simulation analysis 40-tonne truck is also presented, focusing comparison losses expenditures different subsystems while running VECTO Regional delivery Longhaul cycles. The importance production pathways, storage approaches, refuelling safety standards, fleet discussed. Through comprehensive review H2 technology, management, requirements strategies, challenges production, refuelling, this article aims at helping stakeholders promotion integration technology towards decarbonisation.